Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers

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Abstract

Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.

Source: resolved

Document Metadata

Issuer: Academy of Management
Document Type: Research / Academic Paper
Publication Year: 1984
Retrieved: 5 May 2026
Source: Contact XFID for Access
Record ID: XF6SKS3091
Validation: Inferred by XFID

Topics

Agency TheoryCorporate Governance

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Academy of Management (1984). Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. XFID: XF-6SKS309-1. Retrieved from https://xframework.id/XF6SKS3091

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XF-6SKS309-1