XF-QWGI2Z9-E The Rise of NGO Activism
Abstract
Activist nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) increasingly oppose firms’ practices. We suggest this might be related to the vulnerability of public regulation to corporate influence. We examine a potentially harmful industrial project subject to regulatory approval. Under industry influence, the regulator may approve the project even though it is harmful. However, an NGO may oppose it. We characterize the circumstances under which NGO opposition occurs and under which it is socially beneficial. Our theory explains the role that NGOs have assumed in the last decades, and has implications for the social legitimacy of activism and the appropriate degree of transparency of industrial activities. (JEL D21, D74, D82, L31, L51)
Source: resolved
Verification
XFIDs are content-addressed: these SHA-256 fingerprints let anyone confirm a copy of this document is identical to what XFID retrieved on 5 May 2026 — independent of this registry.
The canonical-content hash survives re-downloads, URL moves, and byte-level re-encodes: the same disclosure text always resolves to this XFID.
Cited by (1)
Other RESEARCH documents in the registry that cite this work.
How to Cite This Record
Use the XFID in citations to create a stable, permanent reference that resolves to this registry entry regardless of the source URL.
American Economic Association (2019). The Rise of NGO Activism. XFID: XF-QWGI2Z9-E. Retrieved from https://xframework.id/XFQWGI2Z9E
XF-QWGI2Z9-E